Примечания

Глава 1. Эволюция, раса и история

   1. Joshua M. Akey, “Constructing Genomic Maps of Positive Selection in Humans: Where Do We Go from Here?” Genome Research 19 (2009): 711–22.

   2. Sandra Wilde et al, “Direct Evidence for Positive Selection of Skin, Hair, and Eye Pigmentation in Europeans During the Last 5,000 y,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111 (2013): 4832–837.

   3. Emmanuel Milot et al., “Evidence for Evolution in Response to Natural Selection in a Contemporary Human Population,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108 (2011): 17040–45.

   4. Stephen C. Stearns et al., “Measuring selection in contemporary human populations,” Nature Reviews Genetics 11, no. 9 (Sept. 2010): 1–13.

   5. American Anthropological Association, “Race: A Public Education Project,” www.aaanet.org/resources/A–Public–Education-Program.cfm.

   6. Alan H. Goodman, Yolanda T. Moses, and Joseph L. Jones, Race: Are We So Different? (Arlington, VA: American Anthropological Association 2012), 2.

   7. American Sociological Association, “The Importance of Collecting Data and Doing Social Scientific Research on Race,” (Washington, DC: American Sociological Association, 2003), www.asanet.org/media/asa_race_statement.pdf.

   8. Christopher F. Chabris et al., “Most Reported Genetic Associations with General Intelligence Are Probably False Positives,” Psychological Science 20, no. 10 (Sept. 24, 2012): 1–10.

   9. David Epstein, The Sports Gene: Inside the Science of Extraordinary Athletic Performance (New York: Current 2013), 176.

Глава 2. Научные отклонения

   1. Richard Hofstadter, Social Darwinism in American Thought, (Boston: Beacon Press, 1992), 171.

   2. Benjamin Isaac, The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity, (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004), 23.

   3. Nell Irving Painter, “Why White People Are Called ‘Caucasian’?” paper presented at the Fifth Annual Gilder Lehrman Center International Conference, Yale University, New Haven, CT, Nov. 7–8, 2003, www.yale.edu/glc/events/race/Painter.pdf.

   4. Jason E. Lewis et al., “The Mismeasure of Science: Stephen Jay Gould Versus Samuel George Morton on Skulls and Bias,” PLoS Biology 9, no. 6 (June 7, 2011), www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001071.

   5. Hofstadter, Social Darwinism, xvi.

   6. Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex, 2d ed. (New York: Appleton, 1898), 136.

   7. Nicholas Wright Gillham, A Life of Sir Francis Galton: From African Exploration to the Birth of Eugenics(New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), 166.

   8. Там же, с. 357.

   9. Edwin Black, War Against the Weak: Eugenics and America’s Campaign to Create a Master Race (New York: Four Walls Eight Windows, 2003), 37.

   10. Там же, с. 45–47.

   11. Там же, с. 90.

   12. Daniel J. Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity (New York: Knopf, 1985), 69.

   13. Black, War Against the Weak, 87.

   14. Там же, с. 99.

   15. Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics, 81.

   16. Там же, с. 106.

   17. Black, War Against the Weak, 123.

   18. Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics, 97.

   19. Black, War Against the Weak, 393.

   20. Madison Grant, The Passing of the Great Race; or, The Racial Basis of European History, 4th ed. (New York: Charles Scribner, 1932), 170.

   21. Там же, с. 263.

   22. Jonathan P. Spiro, Defending the Master Race: Conservation, Eugenics and the Legacy of Madison Grant(Burlington: University of Vermont Press, 2009), 375.

   23. Black, War Against the Weak, 100.

   24. Там же, с. 259.

   25. Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics, 117.

   26. Там же, с. 118.

   27. Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1985, student edition), 31.

   28. Yvonne Sherratt, Hitler’s Philosophers (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2013), 60.

Глава 3. Истоки социальности человека

   1. Bernard Chapais, Primeval Kinship: How Pair–Bonding Gave Birth to Human Society, (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008), 4.

   2. Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex, 2d ed. (New York: Appleton, 1898), 131.

   3. Michael Tomasello, Why We Cooperate (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2009), 27.

   4. Там же, с. 23.

   5. Там же, с. 7.

   6. Esther Herrmann et al., “Humans Have Evolved Specialized Skills of Social Cognition: The Cultural Intelligence Hypothesis,” Science 317, no. 5843 (Sept. 7, 2007): 1360–66.

   7. Michael Tomasello and Malinda Carpenter, “Shared Intentionality,” Developmental Science 10, no. 1 (2007): 121–25.

   8. Cade McCall and Tania Singer, “The Animal and Human Neuroendocrinology of Social Cognition, Motivation and Behavior,” Nature Neuroscience 15 (2012): 681–88.

   9. Carsten K. W. De Dreu et al., “Oxytocin Promotes Human Ethnocentrism,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108, no. 4 (Jan. 25, 2011), 1262–66.

   10. David H. Skuse et al., “Common Polymorphism in the Oxitocin Receptor Gene (OXTR) Is Associated With Human Recognition Skills,” Proceedings of the U. S. National Academy of Sciences (December 23, 2013).

   11. Reviewed in Zoe R. Donaldson and Larry J. Young, “Oxytocin, Vasopressin and the Neurogenesis of Sociality,” Science 322, no. 5903 (Nov. 7, 2008): 900–904.

   12. Nicholas Wade, “Nice Rats, Nasty Rats: Maybe It’s All in the Genes,” New York Times, July 25, 2006, www.nytimes.com/2006/07/25/health/25rats.html? pagewanted=all&_r=0 (accessed Sept. 25, 2013).

   13. Robert R. H. Anholt and Trudy F. C. Mackay, “Genetics of Aggression,” Annual Reviews of Genetics 46 (2012): 145–64.

   14. Guang Guo et al., “The VNTR 2 Repeat in MAOA and Delinquent Behavior in Adolescence and Young Adulthood: Associations and MAOA Promoter Activity,” European Journal of Human Genetics 16 (2008): 624–34.

   15. Yoav Gilad et al., “Evidence for Positive Selection and Population Structure at the Human MAO-A Gene,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99, no. 2 (Jan. 22, 2002): 862–67.

   16. Kevin M. Beaver et al., “Exploring the Association Between the 2-Repeat Allele of the MAOA Gene Promoter Polymorphism and Psychopathic Personality Traits, Arrests, Incarceration, and Lifetime Antisocial Behavior,” Personality and Individual Differences 54, no. 2 (Jan. 2013): 164–68.

   17. Laura Bevilacqua et al., “A Population–Specific HTR2B Stop Codon Predisposes to Severe Impulsivity,” Nature 468, no. 7327 (Dec. 23, 2010): 1061–66.

   18. Edward O. Wilson, Sociobiology: The New Synthesis (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1975), 547–75.

   19. Edward O. Wilson, On Human Nature (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1978), 167.

   20. Sarah A. Tishkoff et al, “Convergent Adaptation of Human Lactase Persistence in Africa and Europe,” Nature Genetics 39, no. 1 (Jan. 2007): 31–40.

   21. Hillard S. Kaplan, Paul L. Hooper, and Michael Gurven, “The Evolutionary and Sociological Roots of Human Social Organization,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Science 364, no. 1533 (Nov. 12, 2009): 3289–99.

Глава 4. Человеческий эксперимент

   1. Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex, 2d ed. (New York: Appleton, 1898), 171.

   2. Ian Tattersall and Rob DeSalle Race? Debunking a Scientific Myth (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2011).

   3. J. Craig Venter, A Life Decoded: My Genome, My Life (New York: Penguin Books, 2008).

   4. Jared Diamond, “Race Without Color,” Discover, Nov. 1994.

   5. Francis S. Collins and Monique K. Mansoura, “The Human Genome Project: Revealing the Shared Inheritance of All Humankind,” Cancer supplement, Jan. 2001.

   6. Jerry A. Coyne, “Are There Human Races?” Why Evolution Is True, http://whyevolutionistrue.wordpress.com/2012/02/28/are–there–human–races.

   7. Ashley Montagu, Man’s Most Dangerous Myth: The Fallacy of Race, 6th ed. (Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press/Rowman & Littlefield, 1997), 41.

   8. Там же, с. 47.

   9. Norman J. Sauer, “Forensic Anthropology and the Concept of Race: If Races Don’t Exist, Why Are Forensic Anthropologists So Good at Identifying Them?” Social Science and Medicine 34, no. 2 (Jan. 1992): 107–11.

   10. Winthrop D. Jordan, The White Man’s Burden: Historical Origins of Racism in the United States (New York: Oxford University Press, 1974), xi — xii.

   11. John Novembre et al., “Genes Mirror Geography Within Europe,” Nature 456, no. 7218 (Nov. 6, 2008): 98–101.

   12. Colm O’Dushlaine et al., “Genes Predict Village of Origin in Rural Europe,” European Journal of Human Genetics 18, no. 11 (Nov. 2010): 1269–70.

   13. См., например, The History and Geography of Human Genes (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994), классический труд Луки Кавалли–Сфорцы, Паоло Меноцци и Альберто Пьяццы.

   14. Esteban J. Parra, “Human Pigmentation Variation: Evolution, Genetic Basis, and Implications for Public Health,” Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 50 (2007): 85–105.

   15. Rebecca L. Lamason et al., “SLC24A5, a Putative Cation Exchanger, Affects Pigmentation in Zebrafish and Humans,” Science 310, no. 5755 (Dec. 16, 2005): 1782–86.

   16. Akihiro Fujimoto et al., “A Scan for Genetic Determinants of Human Hair Morphology: EDAR Is Associated with Asian Hair Thickness,” Human Molecular Genetics 17, no. 6 (Mar. 15, 2008): 835–43.

   17. Yana G. Kamberov et al., “Modeling Recent Human Evolution in Mice by Expression of a Selected EDAR Variant,” Cell 152, no. 4 (Feb. 14, 2013): 691–702.

   18. Koh–ichiroYoshiura et al., “A SNP in the ABCC11 Gene Is the Determinant of Human Earwax Type,” Nature Genetics 38, no. 3 (Mar. 2006): 324–30.

Глава 5. Генетика расы

   1. Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex, 2d ed. (New York: Appleton, 1898), 132.

   2. A. M. Bowcock et al., “High Resolution of Human Evolutionary Trees with Polymorphic Microsatellites,” Nature 368, no. 6470 (Mar. 31, 1994): 455–57.

   3. Neil Risch, Esteban Burchard, Elad Ziv, and Hua Tang, “Categorization of Humans in Biomedical Research: Genes, Race and Disease,” Genome Biology 3, no. 7 (March 2002), http://genomebiology.com/2002/3/7/comment/2007.

   4. Nicholas Wade, “Gene Study Identifies 5 Main Human Populations, Linking Them to Geography,” New York Times December 20, 2002.

   5. Nicholas Wade, “Human Have Spread Globally, and Evolved Locally,” New York Times, June 26, 2007.

   6. Noah A. Rosenberg et al., “Genetic Structure of Human Populations,” Science 298, no. 5602 (Dec. 20, 2002): 2381–85.

   7. Frank B. Livingstone and Theodosius Dobzhansky, “On the Non–Existence of Human Races,” Current Anthropology 3, no. 3 (June 1962): 279.

   8. David Serre and Svante P??bo, “Evidence for Gradients of Human Genetic Diversity Within and Among Continents,” Genome Research 14 (2004),1679–85.

   9. Noah A. Rosenberg et al., “Clines, Clusters, and the Effect of Study Design on the Inference of Human Population Structure,” PLoS Genetics 1, no. 6 (2005): 660–71.

   10. Jun Z. Li et al., “Worldwide Human Relationships Inferred from Genome–Wide Patterns of Variation,” Science 319, no. 5866 (Feb. 22, 2008): 1100–1104.

   11. Sarah A. Tishkoff et al., “The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans,” Science324, no. 5930 (May 22, 2009): 1035–44.

   12. Benjamin F. Voight, Sridhar Kudaravalli, Xiaoquan Wen, Jonathan K. Pritchard, “A Map of Recent Positive Selection in the Human Genome,” PLoS Biology 4, no. 3 (Mar. 2006): 446–53.

   13. Sharon R. Grossman et al., “Identifying Recent Adaptations in Large–Scale Genomic Data,” Cell 152, no. 4 (Feb. 14, 2013): 703–13.

   14. Там же.

   15. Joshua M. Akey, “Constructing Genomic Maps of Positive Selection in Humans: Where Do We Go from Here?” Genome Research 19, no. 5 (May 2009): 711–22.

   16. Ralf Kittler, Manfred Kayser, and Mark Stoneking, “Molecular Evolution of Pediculus humanus and the Origin of Clothing,” Current Biology 13, no. 16 (Aug. 19, 2003): 1414–17. Другой исследователь вшей, Дэвид Рид, утверждает, что верна более древняя датировка — возможно, 500 000 лет назад.

   17. David L?pez Herr?ez et al., “Genetic Variation and Recent Positive Selection in Worldwide Human Populations: Evidence from Nearly 1 Million SNPs,” PLoS One 4, no. 11 (Nov. 18, 2009): 1–16.

   18. Graham Coop et al., “The Role of Geography in Human Adaptation,” PLoS Genetics 5, no. 6 (June 2009): 1–16.

   19. Matthew B. Gross and Cassandra Kniffen, “Duffy Antigen Receptor for Chemokines: DARC,” Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, Dec. 10, 2012, http://omim.org/entry/613665.

   20. C. T. Miller et.al., “cis-Regulatory Changes in Kit Ligand Expression and Parallel Evolution of Pigmentation in Sticklebacks and Humans”, Cell 131 (2007): 1179–1189.

   21. Ryan D. Hernandez et al,. “Classic Selective Sweeps Were Rare in Recent Human Evolution,” Science331, no. 6019 (Feb. 18, 2011): 920–24.

   22. Jonathan K. Pritchard, “Adaptation — Not by Sweeps Alone,” Nature Reviews Genetics 11, no. 10 (Oct. 2010): 665–67.

   23. Hua Tang et al., “Genetic Structure, Self–Identified Race/Ethnicity, and Confounding in Case–Control Association Studies,” American Journal of Human Genetics 76, no. 2 (Feb. 2005): 268–75.

   24. Roman Kosoy et al., “Ancestry Informative Marker Sets for Determining Continental Origin and Admixture Proportions in Common Populations in America,” Human Mutation 30, no. 1 (Jan. 2009), 69–78.

   25. Wenfei Jin et al., “A Genome–Wide Detection of Natural Selection in African Americans Pre- and Post–Admixture,” Genome Research 22, no. 3 (Mar. 1, 2012): 519–27.

   26. Gaurav Bhatia et al., “Genome–Wide Scan of 29,141 African Americans Finds No Evidence of Directional Selection Since Admixture,” American Journal of Human Genetics 2014, 95, 437–44.

   27. Richard Lewontin, “The Apportionment of Human Diversity,” Evolutionary Biology 6 (1972): 396–97, цитируется Эшли Монтагю в “Man’s Most Dangerous Myth: The Fallacy of Race,” 6th ed. (Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press/Rowman & Littlefield, 1997), 45–46.

   28. Цитируется Дэниэлом Хартлом и Эндрю Кларком в “Principles of Population Genetics,” 3d ed. (Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, 1997), 119.

   29. Цитируется Генри Харпендингом и Аланом Роджерсом в “Genetic Perspectives in Human Origins and Differentiation,” Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics 1 (2000), 361–85.

   30. A. W. F. Edwards, “Human Genetic Diversity: Lewontin’s Fallacy,” BioEssays 25, no. 8 (Aug. 2003): 798–801.

   31. Ed Hagen, “Biological Aspects of Race,” American Association of Physical Anthropologists position statement, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 101 (1996): 569–70, www.physanth.org/association/position–statements/biological–aspects–of–race.

   32. American Anthropological Association, “Statement on ‘Race,’” May 17, 1998, www.aaanet.org/stmts/racepp.htm.

Глава 6. Общества и институты

   1. Norbert Elias, The Germans: Power Struggles and the Development of Habitus in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996), 18–19.

   2. Douglass C. North, Understanding the Process of Economic Change (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005), 99.

   3. Nicholas Wade, The Faith Instinct: How Religion Evolved and Why It Endures (New York: Penguin Press 2010), 124–43.

   4. Napoleon A. Chagnon, “Life Histories, Blood Revenge, and Warfare in a Tribal Population,” Science 239, no. 4843 (Feb. 28, 1988): 985–92.

   5. Robert L. Carneiro, “A Theory of the Origin of the State,” Science 169, no. 3947 (Aug. 21, 1970): 733–38.

   6. Francis Fukuyama, The Origins of Political Order: From Prehuman Times to the French Revolution (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2011), vol. 1, p. 48.

   7. Там же, с. 99.

   8. “The Book of Lord Shang,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Book_of_Lord_Shang.

   9. Fukuyama, Origins of Political Order, 421.

   10. Там же, с. 14.

   11. Daron Acemo?lu and James A. Robinson, Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty (New York: Crown, 2012), 398.

   12. Там же, с. 364.

Глава 7. Человеческая перестройка

   1. Thomas Sowell, Conquests and Cultures: An International History (New York: Basic Books, 1999), 329.

   2. Kenneth Pomeranz, The Great Divergence: China, Europe, and the Making of the Modern World Economy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000), 3.

   3. Gregory Clark, A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press 2007), 127.

   4. Там же, с. 179.

   5. Там же, с. 234.

   6. Nicholas Wade, Before the Dawn: Recovering the Lost History of Our Ancestors (New York: Penguin Press, 2007), 112.

   7. Clark, Farewell to Alms, 259.

   8. Там же, с. 245.

   9. Gregory Clark, “The Indicted and the Wealthy: Surnames, Reproductive Success, Genetic Selection and Social Class in Pre–Industrial England,” Jan. 19, 2009, www.econ.ucdavis.edu/faculty/gclark/ Farewell%20to%20Alms/Clark%20-Surnames.pdf.

   10. Ron Unz, “How Social Darwinism Made Modern China: A Thousand Years of Meritocracy Shaped the Middle Kingdom,” The American Conservative, Mar. 11, 2013, www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/how–social–darwinism–made–modern–china?248.

   11. Toby E. Huff, The Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China, and the West, 2d ed. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 282.

   12. Marta Miraz?n Lahr, The Evolution of Modern Human Diversity: A Study of Cranial Variation(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 263.

   13. Marta Miraz?n Lahr and Richard V. S. Wright, “The Question of Robusticity and the Relationship Between Cranial Size and Shape in Homo sapiens,” Journal of Human Evolution 31, no. 2 (Aug. 1996): 157–91.

   14. Richard Wrangham, interview, Edge.org, Feb. 2, 2002.

   15. Norbert Elias, The Civilizing Process: Sociogenetic and Psychogenetic Investigations (Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 1994), 167.

   16. Steven Pinker, The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined (New York: Viking, 2011), 48–50.

   17. Там же, с. 60–63.

   18. Там же, с. 149.

   19. Там же, с. 613.

   20. Там же, 614.

   21. Jonathan Gibbons, ed., 2011 Global Study on Homicide: Trends, Context, Data, (Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2010.

   22. Philip Carl Salzman, Culture and Conflict in the Middle East (Amherst, NY: Humanity Books, 2008), 184.

   23. Arab Human Development Report 2009: Challenges to Human Security in the Arab Countries, (New York: United Nations Development Programme, Regional Bureau for Arab States, 2009), 9.

   24. Там же, 193.

   25. Martin Meredith, The Fate of Africa: A History of Fifty Years of Independence (New York: PublicAffairs, 2005), 682.

   26. Richard Dowden, Africa: Altered States, Ordinary Miracles (New York: PublicAffairs, 2009), 535.

   27. Shantayanan Devarajan and Wolfgang Fengler, Africa’s Economic Boom: Why the Pessimists and the Optimists Are Both Right,” Foreign Affairs, May — June 2013, pp. 68–81.

   28. Clark, Farewell to Alms, 259–71.

   29. Pomeranz, Great Divergence, 297.

   30. Daron Acemo?lu and James A. Robinson, Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty (New York: Crown, 2012), 73.

   31. Lawrence E. Harrison and Samuel P. Huntington, eds., Culture Matters: How Values Shape Human Progress (New York: Basic Books, 2000), xiii.

   32. Jeffrey Sachs, “Notes on a New Sociology of Economic Development,” in Harrison and Huntington, Culture Matters, 29–43, (41–42 cited).

   33. Nathan Glazer, “Disaggregating Culture,” in Harrison and Huntington, Culture Matters, 219–31 (220–21 cited).

   34. Daniel Etounga–Manguelle, “Does Africa Need a Cultural Adjustment Program?” in Harrison and Huntington, Culture Matters, 65–77.

   35. Lawrence E. Harrison, The Central Liberal Truth: How Politics Can Change a Culture and Save It from Itself (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2006), 1.

   36. Thomas Sowell, Migrations and Cultures: A World View (New York: Basic Books, 1996), 118.

   37. Там же, с. 192.

   38. Там же, 219.

   39. Sowell, Conquests and Cultures, 330.

   40. Sowell, Migrations and Cultures, 226.

   41. Там же, 57.

   42. Christopher F. Chabris et al., “Most Reported Genetic Associations with General Intelligence Are Probably False Positives,” Psychological Science 20, no. 10 (Sept. 24, 2012): 1–10.

   43. Richard Lynn and Tatu Vanhanen, IQ and Global Inequality (Augusta, GA: Washington Summit, 2006), 238–39.

   44. Там же, с. 2.

   45. Там же, с. 277.

   46. Там же, с. 281.

   47. Acemo?lu and Robinson, Why Nations Fail, 48.

   48. Там же, с. 238.

   49. Там же, с. 454.

   50. Там же, с. 211.

   51. Там же, с. 427.

Глава 8. Адаптация евреев

   1. Gertrude Himmelfarb, The People of the Book: Philosemitism in England, from Cromwell to Churchill(New York: Encounter Books, 2011), 3.

   2. Charles Murray, “Jewish Genius,” Commentary, Apr. 2007, pp. 29–35.

   3. Melvin Konner, Unsettled: An Anthropology of the Jews (New York: Viking Compass, 2003), 199.

   4. Harry Ostrer and Karl Skorecki, “The Population Genetics of the Jewish People,” Human Genetics (2013) 132:119–127.

   5. Anna C. Need, Dalia Kasparavi?i?t?, Elizabeth T. Cirulli and David B. Goldstein, “A Genome–Wide Genetic Signature of Jewish Ancestry Perfectly Separates Individuals with and without Full Jewish Ancestry in a Large Random Sample of European Americans,” Genome Biology, 10, Issue 1, Article R7, 2009.

   6. Gregory Cochran, Jason Hardy, and Henry Harpending, “Natural History of Ashkenazi Intelligence,” Journal of Biosocial Science 38, no. 5 (Sept. 2006):659–93.

   7. Maristella Botticini and Zvi Eckstein, The Chosen Few: How Education Shaped Jewish History, 70–1492(Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 2012), 109.

   8. Там же, с. 193.

   9. Там же, с. 267.

   10. Konner, Unsettled, 189.

   11. Neil Risch et al., “Geographic Distribution of Disease Mutations in the Ashkenazi Jewish Population Supports Genetic Drift over Selection,” American Journal of Human Genetics 72, no.4 (Apr. 2003): 812–22.

   12. См., например, Nicholas Wade, The Faith Instinct: How Religion Evolved and Why It Endures (New York: Penguin 2010), 157–72.

   13. Botticini and Eckstein, Chosen Few, 150.

   14. Jerry Z. Muller, Capitalism and the Jews (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010), 88.

Глава 9. Восхождение Запада

   1. William H. McNeill, A World History (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967), 295.

   2. Victor Davis Hanson, Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power (New York: Random House, 2001), 5.

   3. Niall Ferguson, Civilization: The West and the Rest (London: Allen Lane, 2011), 18.

   4. Toby E. Huff, Intellectual Curiosity and the Scientific Revolution: A Global Perspective (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2011), 126.

   5. Там же, с. 133.

   6. Цит.: там же, с. 110.

   7. Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies (New York: Norton, 1997), 25.

   8. Там же, с. 21

   9. IQ для Папуа — Новой Гвинеи составляет 83 по сравнению со средним значением для европеоидов 100. Richard Lynn and Tatu Vanhanen, IQ and Global Inequality (Augusta, GA: Washington Summit, 2006), 146. Если Даймонд и имеет в виду более адекватный способ измерения интеллекта, то он о нем не сообщает.

   10. Mark Elvin, The Pattern of the Chinese Past (Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 1973), 297–98, цитируется Дэвидом Ландисом в “The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some Are So Rich and Some So Poor” (New York: Norton, 1998), 55.

   11. Ferguson, Civilization, 13.

   12. Там же, с. 256–57.

   13. Eric Jones, The European Miracle: Environments, Economies, and Geopolitics in the History of Europe and Asia (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 61.

   14. Там же, с. 106.

   15. Цит.: там же, с. 153.

   16. Jones, European Miracle, 61.

   17. Huff, Intellectual Curiosity, 128.

   18. Timur Kuran, The Long Divergence: How Islamic Law Held Back the Middle East (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2011), 281.

   19. Toby E. Huff, The Rise of Early Modern Science:Islam, China, and the West (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 47.

   20. Там же, с. 321.

   21. Там же, с. 10.

   22. David S. Landes, The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some Are So Rich and Some So Poor (New York: Norton, 1998), 56.

   23. Лекция 1755 г., цитируемая Дугальдом Стюартом в “Account of the Life and Writings of Adam Smith LL. D.,” Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Jan. 21 and Mar. 18, 1793, section 4, repr. in Collected Works of Dugald Stewart, ed. William Hamilton (Edinburgh: Thomas Constable, 1854), vol. 10, pp 1–98.

   24. Landes, Wealth and Poverty, 516.

Глава 10. Расы и эволюция

   1. Francis Fukuyama, “America in Decay — The Sources of Political Dysfunction,” Foreign Affairs, September — October 2014, p. 8.

   2. Такое представление родилось из идеи Ричарда Докинза, связывающей происхождение человека и шимпанзе.

   3. Niall Ferguson, Civilization: The West and the Rest (London: Allan Lane, 2011), 322.

   4. В российской антропологии им в значительной мере соответствуют негроидная, монголоидная и европеоидная расы, хотя имеются расхождения. Единой классификации рас не существует. Поэтому в книге так называемые «большие расы» фигурируют в авторской версии. Следует также иметь в виду, что в англоязычной литературе для европеоидов часто применяется термин «кавказоиды». — Прим. ред.

   5. Обычно выражение приписывается Максу Планку. — Прим. ред.

   6. В некоторых русских изданиях перевод подзаголовка звучит как «…или Сохранение благоприятствуемых пород в борьбе за жизнь». — Прим. ред.

   7. Французский политический деятель, известный своими консервативными взглядами. — Прим. ред.

   8. Здесь и далее цит. по: Дарвин Ч. Сочинения / Пер. С. Л. Соболя; под ред. акад. Е. Н. Павловского. — М.: Изд. АН СССР, 1953. Т. 5.

   9. Полное название закона «О дальнейших улучшениях в деле попечения о слабоумных и других умственно дефективных лицах и о некоторых поправках к Законам о душевнобольных». — Прим. пер.

   10. Цит. по: Уилсон Э. О природе человека. — М.: Кучково поле, 2015.

   11. Как уже отмечалось, в англоязычной литературе это синоним европеоидной расы. — Прим. ред.

   12. Физическая антропология изучает биологическую изменчивость ископаемого, древнего и современного человека во времени и в пространстве. — Прим. ред.

   13. Англ. Single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP, произносится как снип. — Прим. ред.

   14. «Комплементарны» здесь означает, что две нити ДНК содержат последовательности блоков, где каждая пара оснований подходит друг другу. Там, где в одной нити А, во второй стоит Т, а где в одной G — во второй C. Две такие нити имеют высокое химическое сродство друг к другу, которое ослабляется, если одна пара оснований не комплементарна.

   15. Иногда также называемая афроазиатской (главным образом в западной литературе) или семито–хамитской. — Прим. ред.

   16. HapMap (произносится хэпмэп) — сокращение от Haplotype Map — карта гаплотипа. — Прим. пер.

   17. «Выметание посредством отбора» (selective sweep) — снижение или полное исчезновение в популяции разнообразия на участке хромосомы, прилегающем к полезной мутации ДНК. Такой участок обычно содержит ген, по которому идет положительный отбор, некодирующие области и гены, не являющиеся мишенью отбора. Обычно «выметание» свидетельствует об относительно недавнем положительном отборе. — Прим. пер.

   18. Джаред Даймонд. Ружья, микробы и сталь. — М:. АСТ, 2017.

   19. Дарон Аджемоглу, Джеймс Робинсон. Почему одни страны богатые, а другие бедные. Происхождение власти, процветания и нищеты. — М.: Эксмо, 2017.

   20. Николас Уэйд. На заре человечества. — М.: Альпина нон–фикшн, 2017.